Since Struts 2.1, the framework provides the Convention Plugin that allows developers writing action classes and wiring them with result views without any configuration (no struts.xml required). Indeed, this can be done by following some standard naming conventions and defaults specified by the Convention Plugin.

In this article, we’d like to show you how to implement a simple Struts application using naming conventions instead of XML or annotations configuration.

Table of contents:

1. 1. The Convention Plugin
   2. Conventions for action classes
   3. Conventions for results and JSP pages
   4. Code of input page
   5. Code of action class
   6. Code of result pages
   7. Code of web.xml
   8. Required jar files
   9. Testing the application

First, let’s take a look at the Convention plugin.

 

1. The Struts Convention Plugin

This plugin enables zero-configuration for Struts application by enforcing the standard naming conventions. It comes with Struts distribution since version 2.1 and replaces the old CodebehindPlugin and Zero Config plugins. To use this plugin, simply put its jar file under WEB-INF\lib directory of your web application:

struts2-convention-plugin-VERSION.jar

Or if you are using Maven, put the following entry in the pom.xml file:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
    <artifactId>struts2-convention-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>VERSION</version>
</dependency>

Now let’s explore some primary conventions.

 

2. Conventions for Struts action classes

• Scanning algorithm:
  • The Convention plugin searches in the packages having the following words in their names: struts, struts2, action, or actions.
  • Under the matching packages (and sub-packages), the plugin looks for the classes that are either:
    • Implementing the com.opensymphony.xwork2.Action interface (either directly or extending its subclass com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport)
    • Having their names end with Action.
  • 
    
    
    For example, the following classes will be found by the Convention plugin:

    Classes	Reasons
    net.codejava.struts.HelloWorldAction	Package name has “struts” and class name ends with “Action”.
    net.codejava.actions.LoginAction	Package name has “actions” and class name ends with “Action”.
    net.codejava.struts2.services.FileDownload	Package name has “struts2” and class implements the com.opensymphony.xwork2.Action interface.

     

• Action class to URL mapping convention:
  • The plugin will map each action class to a specific URL, following this rules:
    • Remove the word Action at the end of class name.
    • Convert the uppercase letters to lowercase ones and add dashes among them.
    • If there sub-packages after the words struts, struts2, action or actions, then the sub-package names will be converted to namespaces in the URL.
  • For example, the above action classes will be mapped to the following URLs:

    Action Classes	URLs
    net.codejava.struts.HelloWorldAction	/hello-world
    net.codejava.actions.LoginAction	/login
    net.codejava.struts2.services.FileDownload	/services/file-download

     

• Default action method: When an action’s URL is invoked, the plugin will invoke the action’s execute()method.  

3. Conventions for results and JSP pages

The default location where the plugin looks for JSP pages corresponding to result codes returned from the action’s execute() method is WEB-INF/content directory. The following table shows how the plugin searches for the JSP pages based on the result codes:

URLs	Result codes	Matching JSP pages
/hello-world	success	/WEB-INF/content/hello-world.jsp
/hello-world	success	/WEB-INF/content/hello-world-success.jsp
/login	success	/WEB-INF/content/login.jsp
/login	error	/WEB-INF/content/login-error.jsp
/login	input	/WEB-INF/content/login-input.jsp
/services/file-download	success	/WEB-INF/content/services/file-download.jsp
/services/file-download	error	/WEB-INF/content/services/file-download-error.jsp

 

NOTE:

• • If the plugin could not find a JSP page that matches a result code, it will find a JSP page for the “success” code instead. If there is no JSP page for “success” code, a 404 error will be returned.
  • The plugin allows accessing JSP pages in the WEB-INF/content directory even when there are no associated action classes. This is called actionless results. For example, if we have a JSP file named hello-world.jsp in the WEB-INF/content directory, we can access it by this URL: /hello-world

Now let’s dive into a complete sample Struts application which applies the above conventions. The sample application shows a form that allows users entering two numbers X and Y. When the users submit the form, an action is called to calculate division of the two numbers and return result. If the dividing number is zero, an error page is returned.

Create an Eclipse project with the following structure:

4. Code the input page

Here is source code of the input.jsp file under WEB-INF/content directory:

<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
    pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 
	"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Input Form</title>
</head>
<body>
	<center>
		<h2>Calculate Division of X/Y</h2>
		<s:form action="calculate" method="post">
			<s:textfield name="x" label="Enter X" />&nbsp;&nbsp;
			<s:textfield name="y" label="Enter Y" />
			<s:submit />
		</s:form>
	</center>
</body>
</html>

The form contains two text fields and it will call the action /calculate when submitted.

 

5. Code the Struts action class

Source code of the CalculateAction.java under the package net.codejava.struts:

package net.codejava.struts;

import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;

public class CalculateAction extends ActionSupport {
	private int x;
	private int y;
	private float division;

	public String execute() {
		// calculates division
		if (y == 0) {
			return ERROR;
		}
		
		division = x / y;
		return SUCCESS;
	}

	public int getX() {
		return x;
	}

	public void setX(int x) {
		this.x = x;
	}

	public int getY() {
		return y;
	}

	public void setY(int y) {
		this.y = y;
	}

	public float getDivision() {
		return division;
	}

	public void setDivision(float division) {
		this.division = division;
	}	
}

The action class declares two variables x, y and division with corresponding getters and setters. Its execute() method returns ERROR code if y equals to zero, otherwise returns SUCCESS code. That means we should create two JSP pages corresponding to these two result codes.

 

6. Code the result pages

Source code of the calculate-success.jsp (for SUCCESS result code) under WEB-INF/content directory:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
    pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 
	"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Division Result</title>
</head>
<body>
	<h3>
		Result of ${x} / ${y} is ${division}
	</h3>
</body>
</html>

And source code of the calculate-error.jsp (for ERROR result code) under WEB-INF/content directory:

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
    pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 
	"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Division Error</title>
</head>
<body>
	<h3>
		Cannot divide by zero!
	</h3>
</body>
</html>

 

7. Configure Struts in web.xml

Enable Struts' dispatcher filter in the web.xml as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
	xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" 
	xmlns:web="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd" 
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee 
		http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd" 
	id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0">
  <display-name>Struts2ZeroConfig</display-name>
	<filter>
	  <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
	  <filter-class>
	  	org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter
	  </filter-class>
	</filter>
	
	<filter-mapping>
	  <filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
	   <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
	</filter-mapping>
</web-app>

 

8. Required jar files for Struts

Add the following jar files into WEB-INF\lib directory (including the Convention Plugin’s jar file):

1. 1. asm-3.3.jar
   2. asm-commons-3.3.jar
   3. asm-tree-3.3.jar
   4. commons-fileupload-1.2.2.jar
   5. commons-io-2.0.1.jar
   6. commons-lang3-3.1.jar
   7. commons-logging-1.1.1.jar
   8. commons-logging-api-1.1.jar
   9. freemarker-2.3.19.jar
   10. javassist-3.11.0.GA.jar
   11. ognl-3.0.6.jar
   12. struts2-convention-plugin-2.3.8.jar
   13. struts2-core-2.3.8.jar
   14. xwork-core-2.3.8.jar

These jar files come from Struts download page.

 

9. Testing the Struts hello world application

Now let’s test the application we have built. Deploy it on Tomcat and type the following URL into browsers’ address bar:

http://localhost:8080/Struts2ZeroConfig/input

The input form is displayed. Enter two numbers as follows:

Then hit Submit, the result page is displayed:

If we enter 0 for Y, the error page is displayed:

Wow! The application is working perfectly, as we can notice: there is no configuration at all (except the configuration of Struts framework in the web.xml file). So using standard naming conventions would be an alternative way to XML configuration as it helps reducing the amount of code to write.

 

Related Struts Hello World Tutorials:

• Introduction to Struts framework
• Struts beginner tutorial (Eclipse + Tomcat + XML)
• Struts Beginner Tutorial with Annotations

 

Other Struts Tutorials:

• How to handle exceptions in Struts
• How to use log4j in Struts
• Send e-mail with attachments in Struts
• Struts File Download Tutorial
• Struts File Upload Tutorial
• Struts - Spring - Hibernate Integration Tutorial